Unfair dismissal

All employees who have been employed for 2 years or more have the right not to be unfairly dismissed. A dismissal will be unfair unless the employer can show there was a potentially fair reason for dismissal and that the employer acted reasonably in dismissing the employee. There are two kinds of unfair dismissal: automatic and ordinary. The 2 year qualifying period of employment does not apply where there is automatic unfair dismissal (see below). Strict deadlines apply to claims for unfair dismissal, and Early Conciliation via ACAS is now required before starting a claim.

The Judicial Office has created a series of eighteen videos designed to explain both tribunal procedure and some of the more complex areas of employment law in a way that is easily understandable, especially to parties without legal representation. There are two short videos explaining unfair dismissal here and here.

Was there a dismissal?

Broadly speaking, a dismissal means one of three situations:

• The employment was terminated by the employer, with or without notice;
• A fixed term or temporary contract came to an end and was not renewed on the same terms; or
• The employee was constructively dismissed.

Unfair dismissal claims cannot be brought where the employee has voluntarily resigned from his/her employment (unless it was a constructive dismissal).

It may be a dismissal if an employer makes a substantial change to the terms and conditions of an employee’s contract of employment, meaning that the employee has effectively been dismissed and re-engaged under a new contract. For more information, see our article on imposed changes.

If an employee’s fixed term contract has come to an end, it may be unreasonable and amount to an unfair dismissal for the employer not to consider the employee for employment in another suitable post if they have been employed for the qualifying period.

Employees generally need to have been continuously employed by their employer for 2 years up to the termination date to be eligible to bring a claim for ordinary unfair dismissal. If you are dismissed in the final week before your two year anniversary you may still qualify to bring a claim for unfair dismissal as your employer needs to give you statutory notice of one week. If you have been employed by the same employer for 23 months and 3 weeks, then provided your employer has not given notice to terminate your employment that expires before you have 2 years continuous employment you are entitled to the minimum statutory notice period of 1 week, and this week carries you over to the 2 years continuous employment requirement.

If the dismissal is “automatically unfair”, there is no requirement that an employee have a certain length of service to bring a claim.

Automatic unfair dismissal

If someone is dismissed for a specific reason which is prohibited under the law, this is an automatic unfair dismissal. There is a list of reasons for which it is automatically unfair to sack someone – this includes reasons relating to the employee having taken time off for pregnancy, parental leave, paternity and maternity leave, taking time off for dependants, making a flexible working request, some trade union activities, and whistleblowing  (there are others). In most cases, automatic unfair dismissal can be claimed even if the employee only recently started working for the employer. Whether there is a minimum qualifying period of employment required for an employee to be protected from unfair dismissal depends on the reason for dismissal.  For example, a dismissal because of pregnancy or maternity leave is automatically unfair from the very start of employment.

Fair reason for the dismissal

If the reason for the dismissal is not one that would make the dismissal automatically unfair, in order to bring a claim for unfair dismissal, the employee must have worked for the employer for at least two years.

The next question to consider is whether the reason for the dismissal is potentially fair. Potentially fair reasons to dismiss someone include:

• Capability: the employee was incapable of performing his/her job due to incompetence, a lack of qualifications or sickness;
• Conduct: the employee behaved badly;
• Redundancy;
• Contravention of the law: for example, a lorry driver who does not have a driver’s licence;
• Some other substantial reason (SOSR) capable of justifying the dismissal: this can include things like a restructure of the workplace, dismissal of an employee on a fixed term contract who was covering a maternity leave or the need to protect the employer’s reputation.

Fair procedure for the dismissal

If the reason for the dismissal was one of the five potentially fair ones above, the next issue to consider is whether in that particular situation, it was fair for the employer to dismiss the employee and whether they followed a fair procedure.

The employment tribunal will determine the reasons for the employee’s dismissal: the tribunal may decide that the reason for dismissal is different from the reason put forward by the employer.  It is worth considering whether you agree with the reason for dismissal put forward by your employer.

If the dismissal was because of the employee’s conduct (poor performance or misconduct) then deciding if the dismissal was fair involves looking at factors such as whether the employer used a fair disciplinary and performance management procedure in sacking the person.  As a minimum, the ACAS Code of Practice on Discipline and Grievances (the “ACAS Code“) should be followed.

If the employer has asserted conduct as the reason for dismissal, the tribunal will consider whether the employer (a) genuinely believed that the employee was guilty of that misconduct; (b) had reasonable grounds to believe that they were guilty (did they have evidence?); and (c) carried out a reasonable investigation.

The tribunal will then evaluate whether the employer acted fairly by considering whether the dismissal was in the “range of reasonable responses”. If the employer did not act fairly in the particular situation, then it is likely to be an unfair dismissal.

A tribunal will normally expect to see escalating sanctions used in respect of conduct, such as a verbal warning, a first written warning, final written warning then dismissal, depending on the severity of the conduct. If the employer considers the conduct to have been gross misconduct, it may move straight to dismissal but would still be expected to follow the ACAS Code.

If the employer has asserted capability as the reason for dismissal, they must have a reasonable belief that the person is not competent or suitable to do the job. Usually this should involve giving warnings so that the employee has the opportunity to improve.

If the employer has asserted redundancy as the reason for dismissal, they will usually need to give the employee fair warning that the employee is at risk of redundancy and consult with them on ways to avoid redundancy, before the employer gives notice. We have detailed pages on Redundancy if you are in this situation.

It is also possible to bring complaints that relate to your dismissal under other legislation. For example, a dismissal because a woman is pregnant would be both automatic unfair dismissal and pregnancy discrimination in breach of the Equality Act 2010.

Appealing your dismissal

In the first instance and where possible, you should appeal the dismissal. See the ACAS Code for more information. If you are a member of Trade Union you can request help from them to help with your discussions with your employer.

If your employer has an appeal process you can formally appeal your dismissal following their procedure. You should check your staff handbook or contact HR for information about how to go about appealing the decision. You should start the appeal process as soon as possible and be aware that an appeal will not extend the time limit for bringing an Employment Tribunal claim and strict time limits will apply (see below).

Most appeal procedures should be set out in your employer’s grievance and dismissal policy. You should let your employer know the grounds of your appeal in writing as soon as possible after the decision has been made. If an employer does not give the opportunity to appeal, this could be counted against them if the case goes to Employment Tribunal. If you fail to appeal a decision, this may also result in a reduction of compensation awarded if you are successful in an later Employment Tribunal claim.

Starting a claim

If you think you have been unfairly dismissed and you would like to make a claim to the Employment Tribunal, please see here for more information about starting a claim.

Remember that strict deadlines apply to claims for unfair dismissal, and Early Conciliation via ACAS is required before starting a claim.

Potential compensation

If a tribunal decides the employee was unfairly dismissed, it will then go on to consider what, if any, compensation should be awarded, and may consider re-instatement/re-engagement. Compensation can be reduced in certain situations, for example if the tribunal thinks the employee’s behaviour was part of the reason s/he was sacked; if just the procedure used to dismiss the individual was unfair; if just the procedure used to sack the individual was unfair; or if the employee does not reasonably mitigate her loss. Not complying with the ACAS Code can lead to an increase or decrease in compensation, depending on who was at fault.

There are two forms of award – a basic and a compensatory award. The basic award is calculated in the same way as statutory redundancy pay and the compensatory award is based on loss of earnings. The maximum basic award for dismissals between 6 April 2025 and 6 April 2025 is £21,519  (30 weeks’ pay subject to the limit on a week’s pay of £719). The maximum compensatory award for unfair dismissal (compensation for loss of earnings) is normally capped at the lesser of 52 weeks’ pay or the statutory capped amount of £118,223 (from 6 April 2025) though this cap may not apply in the case of an automatic unfair dismissal (depending on the reason) or whistleblowing.  If you claim compensation for loss of earnings, a tribunal will usually expect you to have tried to minimise your loss by looking for another job (unless you are unable to work) and you will need to evidence this. We have detailed information on compensation here.

This advice applies in England, Wales and Scotland. If you live in another part of the UK, the law may differ. If you are in Northern Ireland you can visit the Labour Relations Agency or call their helpline Workplace Information Service on 03300 555 300.

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